O͘
O͘o͘ is one of the six Hokkien vowels as written in the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) orthography. It is pronounced [ɔ]. Because Hokkien is a tonal language, the standard letter without a diacritic represents the vowel in the first tone, and the other five possible tone categories require one of the following tonal symbols to be written above it:
- Ó͘ ó͘ (second tone)
- Ò͘ ò͘ (third tone)
- Ô͘ ô͘ (fifth tone)
- Ō͘ ō͘ (seventh tone)
- O̍͘ o̍͘ (eighth tone)
History
The character was introduced by the Xiamen-based missionary Elihu Doty in the mid-nineteenth century, as a way to distinguish the Hokkien vowels /o/ and /ɔ/ (the former becoming ⟨o͘⟩).[1] Since then it has become established in the Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography, with only occasional deviations early in its usage – one example being Carstairs Douglas's 1873 dictionary, where he replaced the ⟨o͘⟩ with an o with a curl (similar to that of the English Phonotypic Alphabet),[2] and a second example being Tan Siew Imm's 2016 dictionary of Penang Hokkien, where she replaced the ⟨o͘⟩ with ⟨ɵ⟩.[3]
Computing
In the Unicode computer encoding, it is a normal Latin o followed by U+0358 ◌͘ COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT, and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. This letter is not well-supported by fonts and is often typed as either o· (using the interpunct), o• (using the bullet), o' (using the apostrophe), oo (as used in Tâi-lô for Taiwanese Hokkien and Wāpuro rōmaji for Japanese), or ou (as used in Wāpuro rōmaji for Japanese).
References
- ^ Klöter, Henning. "The History of Peh-oe-ji" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-29.
- ^ Douglas, Carstairs (1990) [1873]. Chinese English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken of Amoy. Taipei: Southern Materials Center. ISBN 957-9482-32-2.
- ^ Tan, Siew Imm (2016). Penang Hokkien-English Dictionary. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
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- History
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- Ligatures
Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | |
Letter O with diacritics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Óó | Òò | Ŏŏ | Ôô | Ốố | Ồồ | Ỗỗ | Ổổ | Ǒǒ | Öö | Ȫȫ | Őő | Õõ | Ṍṍ | Ṏṏ | Ȭȭ | Ȯȯ | O͘o͘ | Ȱȱ | Øø | Ǿǿ | Ǫǫ | Ǭǭ | Ōō | Ṓṓ | Ṑṑ |
Ỏỏ | Ȍȍ | Ȏȏ | Ơơ | Ớớ | Ờờ | Ỡỡ | Ởở | Ợợ | Ọọ | Ộộ | O̩o̩ | Ò̩ò̩ | Ó̩ó̩ | Ɵɵ | Ꝋꝋ | Ꝍꝍ | Oʻoʻ | ⱺ | 𝼛 | Ɔ ɔ | |||||
Letters using dot sign ( ◌̇, ◌̣ ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ȧȧ | Ạạ | Ḃḃ | Ḅḅ | Ċċ | Ḋḋ | Ḍḍ | Ėė | Ẹẹ | Ḟḟ | Ġġ | Ḣḣ | Ḥḥ | İ i | Ị ị | Ḳḳ | Ŀŀ | Ḷḷ | Ṁṁ | Ṃṃ | Ṅṅ | Ṇṇ | Ȯȯ | O͘o͘ | Ọọ | Ṗṗ |
Ṙṙ | Ṛṛ | Ṡṡ | Ṣṣ | Ṫṫ | Ṭṭ | Ụụ | Ṿṿ | Ẇẇ | Ẉẉ | Ẋẋ | X̣x̣ | Ẏẏ | Ỵỵ | Żż | Ẓẓ |
Digraphs | |
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Trigraphs |
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Tetragraphs |
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Pentagraphs |
- ISO/IEC 646
- Unicode
- Western Latin character sets
- DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe
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