Smijeh

Ljudsko smijanje

Smijeh (ijek.) ili smeh (ek.), nevoljna reakcija na određene vanjske ili unutarnje podražaje. Smijeh mogu pobuditi aktivnosti poput škakljanja,[1] humorističnih priča ili misli.[2] Najčešće se smatra vizualnom ekspresijom mnogih pozitivnih emocionalnih stanja poput radosti, veselja, sreće, olakšanja itd. U nekim pak prilikama može biti uzrokovan suprotnim emocionalnim stanjima poput sramote, isprike ili zbunjenosti ("nervozni smijeh") ili udvornog smijeha. Čimbenici poput dobi, spola, obrazovanja, jezika i kulture determinantni su čimbenici[3] za to da li će neka osoba iskusiti smijeh u određenoj situaciji.

Smijeh je dio čovječjeg ponašanja regulirana mozgom koje pomaže ljudima razjasniti njihove namjere u socijalnoj interakciji i pruža emocionalan kontekst konverzacijama. Smijeh se rabi kao signal pripadnosti nekoj grupi — on signalizira prihvaćenost i pozitivne interakcije s drugima. Smijeh se ponekad doživljava zaraznim, a smijeh neke osobe može sam izazvati smijeh u drugih kao pozitivnu povratnu spregu.[4] Popularnost snimaka smijeha u televizijskim komedijama situacije može se dijelom pripisati ovome.

Proučavanje humora i smijeha te njihovih psiholoških i fizioloških učinaka na čovječje tijelo zove se gelotologija.

Narav

Novorođenčad se tipično redovito počne smijati od 4. mjeseca života.

Kaže se da se djeca smiju znatno češće od odraslih: prosječno dijete nasmije se 300 – 400 puta dnevno u usporedbi s odraslim koji se nasmije samo 15 – 20 puta dnevno; ipak citirani članak, koji je napisao jedan od dvojice vrhunskih istraživača humora u svijetu, izriče da ne postoji stvarna osnova za ovakvu tvrdnju.[5]

Povezano

  • Smrt od smijeha
  • Zlobni smijeh
  • Geolotologija
  • Smijeh u životinja
  • Joga smijeha
  • Nervozni smijeh
  • Paradoksalni smijeh
  • Patološko smijanje i plakanje

Izvori

  1. ↑ Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development Frederica Rudolpha Stearnsa, 1972, str. 59-65. ISBN 0-398-02420-0
  2. ↑ Shultz, T. R., & Horibe, F. (1974). Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychology, 10, 13-20.
  3. ↑ Olmwake, Louise. "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics." Journal of Applied Psychology; Vol. 21 izd. 6, str. 688
  4. ↑ Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 – ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) str. 18.
  5. ↑ „Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-06-30. Pristupljeno 9. prosinca 2012. 

Literatura

  • Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. The acoustic features of human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001
  • Bahtin, Mihail (1941). Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34830-7. 
  • Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (urednici), Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications, Transaction Publishers, 1996. ISBN 1-56000-837-7. Books.google.com
  • Cousins, Norman, Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient, 1979.
  • Davila-Ross, M., Allcock, B., Thomas, C. i Bard K. A. (2011.) Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others. Emotion DOI:10.1037/a0022594
  • Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ. Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391:650, 1998 (vidi pacijent A. K.)
  • Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience 3, 237 - 238 (2001).
  • Greig, John Young Thomson, The Psychology of Comedy and Laughter, New York, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923.
  • Marteinson, Peter, On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter Arhivirano 2020-07-16 na Wayback Machine-u, Legas Press, Ottawa, 2006. utoronto.ca
  • Miller M, Mangano C, Park Y, Goel R, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA.Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function.Heart. 2006. veljača; 92(2):261-2.
  • Provine, R. R., Laughter. American Scientist, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu
  • Quentin Skinner (2004) (PDF). Hobbes and the Classical Theory of Laughter. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-10-18. Pristupljeno 2006-04-23.  uključeno u knjigu: Sorell, Tom; Luc Foisneau (2004). „6”. Leviathan After 350 Years. Oxford University Press. str. 139–66. ISBN 0-19-926461-9. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-06-28. Pristupljeno 2014-06-27. 
  • Raskin, Victor, Semantic Mechanisms of Humor (1985).
  • MacDonald, C., "A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter" Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services(2004) V42, 3:18-25. psychnurse.org
  • Kawakami, K., et al., Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study Arhivirano 2011-09-28 na Wayback Machine-u Early Human Development (2006) 82, 61-66. kyoto-u.ac.jp
  • Johnson, S., Emotions and the Brain Discover (2003) V24, N4. discover.com
  • Panksepp, J., Burgdorf, J.,"Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy? Physiology & Behavior (2003) 79:533-547. psych.umn.edu
  • Milius, S., Don't look now, but is that dog laughing? Science News (2001) V160 4:55. sciencenews.org
  • Simonet, P., et al., Dog Laughter: Recorded playback reduces stress related behavior in shelter dogs 7th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (2005). petalk.org
  • Discover Health (2004) Humor & Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources Arhivirano 2006-12-09 na Wayback Machine-u, helpguide.org
  • Klein, A. The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying. Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.
  • Ron Jenkins Subversive laughter (New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff
  • Bogard, M. Laughter and its Effects on Groups. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.
  • Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59800-222-5
  • Hans-Georg Moeller und Günter Wohlfart (Hrsg.): Laughter in Eastern and Western Philosophies. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2010. ISBN 978-3-495-48385-5

Vanjske veze

  • The Origins of Laughter Arhivirano 2020-07-16 na Wayback Machine-u, chass.utoronto.ca
  • Human laughter up to 16 million years old Arhivirano 2012-09-17 na Wayback Machine-u, cosmosmagazine.com
  • More information about Gelotology from the University of Washington, faculty.Washington.edu
  • WNYC's Radio Lab radio show: Is Laughter just a Human Thing?, wnyc.org
  • Transcriptions of laughter, writtensound.com
  • Recordings of people laughing, 99 audiozapisa čovječjeg smijeha
  • Comprehensive summary of research on the benefits of laughter Arhivirano 2017-12-01 na Wayback Machine-u