Yahudi-Amerika Serikat

Mengalihkan ke:

  • Yahudi Ashkenazi
Touro Synagogue, dibangun pada tahun 1759 di Newport, Rhode Island
The Gomez Mill House, dibangun pada tahun 1714 dekat Marlboro, New York oleh Yahudi Sefardim dari Portugal.

Sejarah Yahudi di Amerika Serikat telah menjadi bagian dari sejarah nasional Amerika sejak zaman kolonial. Sampai tahun 1830-an komunitas Yahudi di Charleston, South Carolina adalah yang paling padat penduduknya di Amerika Utara. Dengan adanya imigrasi besar-besaran orang Yahudi dari masyarakat diaspora di Jerman pada abad ke-19, mereka menempatkan diri sendiri di banyak kota-kota kecil dan kota-kota lainnya. Tahun 1880-1914 Imigran Yahudi Ashkenazi mulai datang ke kota New York. Pengungsi lain berasal dari masyarakat diaspora di Eropa setelah Perang Dunia II dan, setelah tahun 1970, dari Uni Soviet.

Pada tahun 1940, orang-orang Yahudi berjumlah 3,7% dari populasi nasional Amerika Serikat. Sekarang, sekitar 5 juta penduduk atau di bawah 2% dari total penduduk nasional. Jumlah ini menyusut akibat ukuran keluarga kecil dan pernikahan antaragama mengakibatkan ketidak patuhan pada ajaran agama Yahudi. Pusat-pusat populasi terbesar adalah wilayah metropolitan New York (2,1 juta pada tahun 2000), Los Angeles (668.000), Miami (331.000), Philadelphia (285.000), Chicago (265.000) dan Boston (254.000).[1]

Imigrasi Yahudi

Populasi Yahudi AS adalah produk dari gelombang imigrasi, terutama dari masyarakat diaspora di Eropa. Imigrasi ini awalnya terinspirasi oleh daya tarik kesempatan sosial dan kewirausahaan Amerika, dan kemudian oleh perlindungan dari bahaya anti-Semitisme Eropa yang waktu itu sedang berlangsung. Beberapa komunitas pernah kembali ke Eropa, meskipun pendukung berkomitmen Zionisme lebih memilih untuk pindah (melakukan aliyah) ke Israel.[2]

Denominasi

Pada tingkat teologis, Yahudi Amerika dibagi menjadi beberapa denominasi Yahudi. Yang paling besar adalah "Yudaisme Reformasi", "Yudaisme Konservatif" dan "Yudaisme Ortodoks". Namun, sekitar 25% dari Yahudi Amerika yang tidak terafiliasi dengan denominasi apapun.[3] Yudaisme Konservatif asalnya muncul di Amerika sedangkan Yudaisme Reformasi pertama-tama dimulai di Jerman dan kemudian dipopulerkan oleh orang-orang Yahudi Amerika.

Referensi

  1. ^ Sarna (2004) 356-60
  2. ^ Hasia Diner, The Jews of the United States (2000)
  3. ^ National Jewish Population Survey 2000-2001, http://www.ujc.org/getfile.asp?id=7579 Diarsipkan 2006-10-28 di Wayback Machine.

Survei

  • The Jewish People in America 5 vol 1992
    • Faber, Eli. A Time for Planting: The First Migration, 1654-1820 (Volume 1) (1992) excerpt and text search
    • Diner, Hasia A. A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration, 1820-1880 (Volume 2) (1992) excerpt and text search
    • Sorin, Gerald. A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880-1920 (1992) excerpt and text search
    • Feingold, Henry L. A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920-1945 (Volume 4) (1992) excerpt and text search
    • Shapiro, Edward S. A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II, (Volume 5) (1992) excerpt and text search
  • Diner, Hasia. Jews in America (1999) online edition
  • Diner, Hasia. The Jews of the United States, 1654-2000 (2006) excerpt and text search, standard scholarly history online edition
  • Diner, Hasia. A New Promised Land: A History of Jews in America (2003) excerpt and text search; online edition
  • Eisenberg, Ellen, Ava F. Kahn, and William Toll, Jews of the Pacific Coast: Reinventing Community on America's Edge (University of Washington Press, 2009) ISBN 978-0-295-98965-5
  • Feingold, Henry L. Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present (1974) online
  • Glazer, Nathan. American Judaism (1957, revised 1972), classic in sociology
  • Heilman, Samuel C. Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the 20th Century (1995) online edition
  • Hyman, Paula E., and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, 2 vol. (1997).
  • Kaplan, Dana Evan, ed. The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism (2005)
  • Norwood, Stephen H., and Eunice G. Pollack, eds. Encyclopedia of American Jewish history (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2007), 775pp; comprehensive coverage by experts; excerpt and text search vol 1
  • Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History (2004), standard scholarly history

Topik spesial

  • Abramovitch, Ilana and Galvin, Sean, eds. Jews of Brooklyn. (2002). 400 pp.
  • Cutler, Irving. The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb. (1996)
  • Dalin, David G. and Kolatch, Alfred J. The Presidents of the United States and the Jews. (2000)
  • Diner, Hasia R. and Benderly, Beryl Lieff. Her Works Praise Her: A History of Jewish Women in America from Colonial Times to the Present. (2002). 462 pp. online edition
  • Dollinger, Marc. Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America. (2000). 296 pp. online edition
  • Howe, Irving. World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made (1976) excerpt and text search, classic account; exaggerates importance of Yiddish culture and socialism; neglects role of religion
  • Jick, Leon. The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820-1870 (1976)
  • Kaplan, Dana Evan. American Reform Judaism: An Introduction (2003) online edition
  • Karp, Abraham, ed. The Jews in America: A Treasury of Art and Literature. Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, (1994)
  • Linzer, Norman, et al. A Portrait of the American Jewish Community (1998) online edition
  • Maisel, Sandy, and Ira Forman, eds. Jews in American Politics (2001), with voting statistics on p. 153
  • Moore, Deborah Dash. GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (2006)
  • Moore, Deborah Dash. At Home in America: Second Generation New York Jews. (1981).
  • Morowska, Ewa. Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890-1940 (1996)
  • Neu, Irene D. "The Jewish Businesswoman in America." American Jewish Historical Quarterly 66 (1976–1977): 137-153.
  • Silverstein, Alan. Alternatives to Assimilation: The Response of Reform Judaism to American Culture, 1840-1930. (1994). 275 pp.
  • Staub, Michael E. Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America. (2002). 392 pp. online edition
  • Whitfield, Stephen J. In Search of American Jewish Culture. (1999). 307 pp.
  • Wirth-Nesher, Hana, and Michael P. Kramer. The Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature (2003) online edition

Sumber utama

  • "The Jews: Next Year in Which Jerusalem" Time April 10, 1972, online Diarsipkan 2013-06-09 di Wayback Machine.
  • Salo Wittmayer Baron and Joseph L. Blau, eds. The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History. 3 vol.(1963) online
  • Farber, Roberta Rosenberg, and Chaim I. Waxman, eds. Jews in America: A Contemporary Reader (1999) excerpt and text search
  • Gurock, Jeffrey S., ed. American Jewish History series
    • The Colonial and Early National Periods, 1654-1840., vol. 1 (1998). 486 pp.
    • Central European Jews in America, 1840-1880: Migration and Advancement. vol. 2. (1998). 392 pp.
    • East European Jews in America, 1880-1920: Immigration and Adaptation. vol. 3. (1998). 1295 pp.
    • American Jewish Life, 1920-1990. vol. 4. (1998). 370 pp.
    • Transplantations, Transformations, and Reconciliations. vol. 5. (1998). 1375 pp.
    • Anti-Semitism in America. vol. 6. (1998). 909 pp.
    • America, American Jews, and the Holocaust. vol. 7 (1998). 486 pp.
    • American Zionism: Mission and Politics. vol. 8. (1998). 489 pp.
  • Irving Howe and Kenneth Libo, eds. How We Lived, 1880-1930: A Documentary History of Immigrant Jews in America (1979) online
  • Marcus, Jacob Rader, ed. The Jew in the American World: A Source Book (1996.)
  • Staub, Michael E. ed. The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook University Press of New England, 2004; 371 pp. ISBN 1-58465-417-1 online review

Pranala luar

  • Davis S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies; "A Thanksgiving Day when Jews Mourned." Diarsipkan 2007-09-29 di Wayback Machine., copyright 2005. accessed 7 September 2006.
  • New York Times (NYT), October 15, 1943; p. 21; "Moves for Admission of 100,000 Refugees - Barbour Offers Resolution for Entry of Racial Victims"; accessed December 12, 2006 (There may be a charge for this article if accessed online.)

Pustaka tambahan

  • Jewish-American History on the Web
  • online Jewish encyclopedia
  • American Jewish Historical Society - Chapters in American Jewish History
  • Presidential speech (Ronald Reagan, Apr 12, 1984), reading report of (Jewish) Navy Chaplain Arnold E. Resnicoff, present at the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing: unique occasion of a U.S. President reading a rabbi's words: Versi teks pidato tersebut; Versi video pidato tersebut