Bingöl
Bingöl (Armenian: Ճապաղջուր, romanized: Chapaghjur, Kurdish: Çewlik,[2] Zazaki: Çewlîg[3]), known as Çapakçur before 1944, is a city in Turkey. It is the seat of Bingöl Province and Bingöl District,[4] having a population of 133,423 (2022).[1]
Etymology
One of the historical names for the city, Bingöl literally means thousand lakes in Turkish; however, there aren't any lakes of considerable size within the boundaries of the province. The name rather refers to many tarns found around the city.[5][6]
History
Bingöl is located in what was historically the region of Sophene (first an independent kingdom and later an Armenian and Roman province).[7] The settlement is mentioned by its Armenian name, Chapaghjur (meaning "spread out water" in Armenian), by the 11th-century Armenian historian Stepanos Asoghik, who mentions it while describing the 995 Balu earthquake.[7] Chapaghjur is sometimes identified with the Roman fortress-town of Citharizum (Ktʻaṛich in Armenian).[7]
In the Middle Ages, Bingöl was known as Romanoupolis (Greek: Ῥωμανούπολις) after the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos, who incorporated it into the Byzantine Empire in 942. It initially formed a subdivision of the thema of Mesopotamia, but it was later (ca. 970) elevated into a separate theme.[8]
Bingöl was ruled by the Suwaydid dynasty, a cadet branch of the Barmakids, from the 13th century until mid-Ottoman rule, autonomously from the Ottomans.[9] Bingöl and the surrounding district had a large Armenian population prior to the Armenian genocide.[7] Until the middle of the 20th century, the city was known as Çapakçur/Çabakçur, derived from its Armenian name.[10][11] In 1944, the place was renamed Bingöl, meaning "thousand lakes" in Turkish.
Kurdish-Turkish conflict
Bingöl has been the site of several violent incidents of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict. On 23 October 2016, a car bombing targeting an armored police vehicle perpetrated by PKK militias killed 2 police officers and injured 19 others.[12] On 8 June 2018, a group of PKK militias attacked a military station and killed 1 Turkish soldier while injuring 3 others.[13]
Geography
Bingöl is 144 kilometres (89 mi) east of Elazığ and is situated in the high region of Eastern Anatolia. Bingöl is a mountainous area with heights reaching 3000 m, Bingöl city is at about 1120 m above sea level.[14] The Gayt River (Gayt Çayı), a right-bank tributary of the Eastern Euphrates (Murat River), runs through the city.
Climate
Bingöl has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsa, or Trewartha climate classification: Dca), with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The driest months are July and August and the wettest is February and December.
Climate data for Bingöl (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) | 16.2 (61.2) | 22.3 (72.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 33.9 (93.0) | 38.0 (100.4) | 42.0 (107.6) | 41.3 (106.3) | 37.8 (100.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 25.5 (77.9) | 22.8 (73.0) | 42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) | 4.1 (39.4) | 10.2 (50.4) | 16.9 (62.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 29.8 (85.6) | 34.7 (94.5) | 35.1 (95.2) | 29.9 (85.8) | 22.0 (71.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 5.2 (41.4) | 18.8 (65.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) | −0.8 (30.6) | 4.7 (40.5) | 10.9 (51.6) | 16.2 (61.2) | 22.2 (72.0) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.7 (80.1) | 21.3 (70.3) | 14.5 (58.1) | 6.8 (44.2) | 0.7 (33.3) | 12.3 (54.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) | −4.6 (23.7) | 0.4 (32.7) | 5.8 (42.4) | 10.2 (50.4) | 15.0 (59.0) | 19.3 (66.7) | 19.1 (66.4) | 13.9 (57.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 2.2 (36.0) | −2.8 (27.0) | 6.8 (44.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −20.3 (−4.5) | −9.2 (15.4) | 1.0 (33.8) | 3.5 (38.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 7.8 (46.0) | 4.2 (39.6) | −2.4 (27.7) | −15.0 (5.0) | −25.1 (−13.2) | −25.1 (−13.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 138.7 (5.46) | 128.9 (5.07) | 134.4 (5.29) | 110.5 (4.35) | 82.5 (3.25) | 21.3 (0.84) | 6.6 (0.26) | 5.1 (0.20) | 15.4 (0.61) | 65.3 (2.57) | 93.1 (3.67) | 133.3 (5.25) | 935.1 (36.81) |
Average precipitation days | 10.47 | 10.37 | 13.43 | 15.17 | 14.50 | 5.70 | 1.93 | 1.57 | 3.33 | 8.33 | 8.47 | 11.30 | 104.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 105.4 | 124.3 | 148.8 | 165.0 | 213.9 | 270.0 | 285.2 | 275.9 | 240.0 | 189.1 | 135.0 | 102.3 | 2,254.9 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.4 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 6.9 | 9.0 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 8.0 | 6.1 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 6.2 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[15] |
Earthquakes
On 1 May 2003 the whole area suffered from a magnitude 6.4 earthquake, leaving 176 dead and 520 injured.[16] On 8 March 2010, the area suffered another earthquake, of magnitude 5.9, with its epicenter in Elazığ Province, 45 km (28 mi) west of Bingöl. On 14 June 2020, a relatively small earthquake occurred in the region, killing a village guard and injuring 21 others.[17]
Demographics
Ethnic background
In 1891, the kaza had 20,800 inhabitants: 16,465 Muslims and 4,385 Armenians.[18]
Turkish | Arabic | Kurdish | Circassian | Armenian | Unknown or other languages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
975 | 1 | 9,416 | – | – | – |
Muslim | Armenian | Orthodox | Other Christian |
---|---|---|---|
10,395 | – | – | – |
Population
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source: Population censuses (1965-1997)[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and TÜIK (2007-2022)[1] |
Transport
Bingöl Airport opened on 12 July 2013. It has a passenger capacity of 500'000 a year.
Education
Bingöl University opened on 29 May 2007.[27] The University continues its activities with 9 faculties, 6 vocational schools and 5 institutes.
Mayors Of Bingöl
- 1977-1979 Hikmet Tekin MHP
- 1979-1980 Hilmi Elçi Independent
- 1984-1989 Mehmet Sıddık Börü ANAP
- 1989-1994 Selahattin Kaya SHP
- 1994-1995 Selahattin Aydar Refah Party
- 1995-1999 Bedri Tuğ Refah Party, Fazilet Party
- 1999-2004 Feyzullah Karaaslan HADEP, DEHAP
- 2004-2009 Hacı Ketenalp AK Party
- 2009-2014 Serdar Atalay AK Party
- 2014-2019 Yücel Barakazi AK Party
- 2019-present Erdal Arıkan AK Party
Notable People's Of Bingöl
References
- ^ a b c "Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters". TÜIK. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ Adem, Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 55.
- ^ Ferhengê Kirmanckî (Zazakî)-Tirkî: Kırmancca (Zazaca)-Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish and Zazaki). Weşanxaneyê Vateyî. 2009. p. 106. ISBN 978-975-6278-40-6.
- ^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ "Coğrafi Yapı". www.bintso.org.tr. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ^ Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi: III. pp. 240–241. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1991). Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Publishing House. p. 603.
- ^ Oikonomides, Nicolas (1972). Les Listes de Préséance Byzantines des IXe et Xe Siècles (in French). Paris, France: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. p. 359.
- ^ M. Mahfuz, Söylemez (2010). According To The Tahrir Register Dated 1550 Liva Of Çapakçur (PDF). Bingöl. p. 17. ISBN 978-975-6788-82-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2020.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Italian City-states and Catholic Missions in Mongolian World of the 13th and 14th Centuries, ANTHROPOLOGIA INTEGRA Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012, p.9; academia.edu
- ^ Bingöl Tarihi, frmartuklu.org
- ^ "Bingöl'de zırhlı polis aracına saldırı: 2 polis şehit, 5'i polis 19 yaralı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 23 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ DHA (8 June 2018). "Bingöl'de PKK pususu: 1 asker şehit, 3 asker yaralı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Aydan, Ö. (July 2003). "THE BİNGÖL EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 1, 2003" (PDF). Tokai University, Department of Marine Civil Engineering. p. 4.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ Aydan, Ö. (July 2003). "THE BİNGÖL EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 1, 2003" (PDF). Tokai University, Department of Marine Civil Engineering. p. 1.
- ^ "Bingöl'de deprem: Bir güvenlik görevlisi hayatını kaybetti". euronews (in Turkish). 15 June 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ "Kaza Chapaghjur – Ճապաղջուր". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ^ a b Sertel, Savaş (1 January 2014). "ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE BİNGÖL NÜFUSU". XVII. TTK Bildiri Kitabi.
- ^ "1965 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1965. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022.
- ^ "1970 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1970. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022.
- ^ "1975 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022.
- ^ "1980 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2022.
- ^ "1985 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2021.
- ^ "1990 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021.
- ^ "1997 Population Count" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2022.
- ^ Bingöl University Archived 11 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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